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Tropical forests play a significant role in the global carbon cycle andglobal climate.However, tropical carbon cycling and the feedbacks from tropical ecosystemsto the climate system remain critical uncertainties in the current generationof carbon–climate models. One of the major uncertainties comes from the lack ofrepresentation of phosphorus (P), currently believed to be the most limitingnutrient in tropical regions. Here we introduce P dynamics and C–N–Pinteractions into the CLM4-CN (Community Land Model version 4 with prognostic Carbon and Nitrogen)model and investigate the role of P cycling incontrolling the productivity of tropical ecosystems. The newly developedCLM-CNP model includes all major biological and geochemical processescontrolling P availability in soils and the interactions between C, N, and Pcycles. Model simulations at sites along a Hawaiian soil chronosequenceindicate that the introduction of P limitation greatly improved the modelperformance at the P-limited site. The model is also able to capture theshift in nutrient limitation along this chronosequence (from N limited to Plimited), as shown in the comparison of model-simulated plant responses tofertilization with the observed data. Model simulations at Amazonian forestsites show that CLM-CNP is capable of capturing the overall trend in NPP (net primary production)along the P availability gradient. This comparison also suggests asignificant interaction between nutrient limitation and land use history.Model experiments under elevated atmospheric CO2 ([CO2]) conditionssuggest that tropical forest responses to increasing [CO2] will interactstrongly with changes in the P cycle. We highlight the importance of twofeedback pathways (biochemical mineralization and desorption of secondarymineral P) that can significantly affect P availability and determine theextent of P limitation in tropical forests under elevated [CO2]. Fieldexperiments with elevated CO2 are therefore needed to help quantifythese important feedbacks. CO2 doubling model experiments show thattropical forest response to elevated [CO2] can only be predicted if theinteractions between C cycle and nutrient dynamics are well understood andrepresented in models. Predictive modeling of C–nutrient interactions willhave important implications for the prediction of future carbon uptake andstorage in tropical ecosystems and global climate change

The role of phosphorus dynamics in tropical forests – a modeling study using CLM-CNP