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The limited available evidence about effects on marine fishes of highCO2 and associated acidification of oceans suggests that effects willdiffer across species, be subtle, and may interact with other stressors. Thisreport is on the responses of an array of early life history features ofsummer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically andeconomically important flatfish of the inshore and nearshore waters of theMid-Atlantic Bight (USA), to experimental manipulation of CO2 levels.Relative survival of summer flounder embryos in local ambient conditions(775 μatm pCO2, 7.8 pH) was reduced to 48% whenmaintained at intermediate experimental conditions(1808 μatm pCO2, 7.5 pH), and to 16% when maintainedat the most elevated CO2 treatment (4714 ppm pCO2, 7.1 pH).This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at high-CO2 levels atconstant temperature was consistent among offspring of three females used asexperimental subjects. No reduction in survival with CO2 was observedfor larvae during the first four weeks of larval life (experiment ended at28 d post-hatching (dph) when larvae were initiating metamorphosis).Estimates of sizes, shapes, and developmental status of larvae based onimages of live larvae showed larvae were initially longer and faster growingwhen reared at intermediate- and high-CO2 levels. This pattern of longerlarvae – but with less energy reserves at hatching – was expressed throughthe first half of the larval period (14 dph). Larvae from thehighest-CO2 conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages andsmaller sizes than those from intermediate- and ambient-CO2 conditions.Tissue damage was evident in larvae as early as 7 dph from bothelevated-CO2 levels. Damage included dilation of liver sinusoids andveins, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, and separation of the trunkmuscle bundles. Cranio-facial features changed with CO2 levels in anage-dependent manner. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient-CO2environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated-CO2environments when younger (7 and 14 dph) but were larger at developmentalstage at older ages (21 to 28 dph), a result consistent with the acceleratedsize-development trajectory of larvae at higher-CO2 environments basedon analysis of external features. The degree of alterations in the survival,growth, and development of early life stages of summer flounder due toelevated-CO2 levels suggests that this species will be increasinglychallenged by future ocean acidification. Further experimental studies onmarine fishes and comparative analyses among those studies are warranted inorder to identify the species, life stages, ecologies, and responses likelyto be most sensitive to increased levels of CO2 and acidity in futureocean waters. A strategy is proposed for achieving these goals

biogeosciences

Effects of elevated CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in the early life stages of summer flounder, &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Paralichthys dentatus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;, and potential consequences of ocean acidification