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Fire is the primary form of terrestrial ecosystem disturbance on a globalscale. It affects the net carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems byemitting carbon directly and immediately into the atmosphere from biomassburning (the fire direct effect), and by changing net ecosystem productivityand land-use carbon loss in post-fire regions due to biomass burning andfire-induced vegetation mortality (the fire indirect effect). Here, weprovide the first quantitative assessment of the impact of fire on the netcarbon balance of global terrestrial ecosystems during the 20th century, andinvestigate the roles of fire's direct and indirect effects. This is done byquantifying the difference between the 20th century fire-on and fire-offsimulations with the NCAR Community Land Model CLM4.5 (prescribed vegetationcover and uncoupled from the atmospheric model) as a model platform. Resultsshow that fire decreases the net carbon gain of global terrestrial ecosystemsby 1.0 Pg C yr−1 averaged across the 20th century, as a result of thefire direct effect (1.9 Pg C yr−1) partly offset by the indirecteffect (−0.9 Pg C yr−1). Post-fire regions generally experiencedecreased carbon gains, which is significant over tropical savannas and someNorth American and East Asian forests. This decrease is due to the directeffect usually exceeding the indirect effect, while they have similar spatialpatterns and opposite sign. The effect of fire on the net carbon balancesignificantly declines until ∼1970 with a trend of 8 Tg C yr−1due to an increasing indirect effect, and increases subsequently with a trendof 18 Tg C yr−1 due to an increasing direct effect. These results helpconstrain the global-scale dynamics of fire and the terrestrial carbon cycle

Quantifying the role of fire in the Earth system – Part 2: Impact on the net carbon balance of global terrestrial ecosystems for the 20th century