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The ongoing warming and acidification of the world's oceans are expected toinfluence the marine ecosystems, including benthic marine resources. Oceanacidification may especially have an impact on calcifying organisms, and theEuropean lobster (Homarus gammarus) is among those species at risk.A project was initiated in 2011 aiming to investigate long-term effects ofocean acidification on the early life-cycle of lobster under twotemperatures. Larvae were exposed to pCO2 levels of ambient water(water intake at 90 m depth), medium 750 (pH = 7.79) and high1200 μatm pCO2 (pH = 7.62) at temperatures 10 and18 °C. The water parameters in ambient water did not stay stable andwere very low towards the end of the experiment in the larval phase at10 °C,with pH between 7.83 and 7.90. At 18°, pH in ambienttreatment was even lower, between 7.76 and 7.83, i.e. close to mediumpCO2 treatment. Long-term exposure lasted 5 months. At 18 °Cthe development from stage 1 to 4 lasted 14 to 16 days, as predictedunder optimal water conditions. Growth was very slow at 10 °C andresulted in three larvae reaching stage 4 in high pCO2 treatmentonly.There were no clear effects of pCO2 treatment, on either carapacelength or dry weight. However, deformities were observed in both larvae andjuveniles. The proportion of larvae with deformities increased withincreasing pCO2 exposure, independent of temperature. In the mediumtreatment about 23% were deformed, and in the high treatment about43% were deformed. None of the larvae exposed to water of pH >7.9developed deformities. Curled carapace was the most common deformity found inlarvae raised in medium pCO2 treatment, irrespective of temperature,but damages in the tail fan occurred in addition to a bent rostrum. Curledcarapace was the only deformity found in high pCO2 treatment at bothtemperatures. Occurrence of deformities after five months of exposure was 33and 44% in juveniles raised in ambient and low pCO2 levels,respectively, and 21% in juveniles exposed to high pCO2. Deformedclaws were most often found in ambient and medium treatment (56%,followed by stiff/twisted walking legs (39%) and puffy carapace(39%). In comparison, at high pCO2 levels 71% of the deformedjuveniles had developed a puffy carapace. Overall, about half of thedeformed juveniles from the ambient and medium pCO2 treatmentdisplayed two or three different abnormalities; 70% had multipledeformities in the high pCO2 treatment. Some of the deformities in thejuveniles may affect respiration (carapace), the ability to find food, or sexualpartners (walking legs, claw and antenna), and ability to swim (tail-fandamages)

biogeosciences

Deformities in larvae and juvenile European lobster (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Homarus gammarus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) exposed to lower pH at two different temperatures