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Based upon 14 field surveys conducted between 2003 and 2008, we showedthat the seasonal pattern of sea surface partial pressure of CO2(pCO2) and sea–air CO2 fluxes differed among four differentphysical–biogeochemical domains in the South China Sea (SCS) proper. The fourdomains were located between 7 and 23° N and 110 and121° E, covering a surface area of1344 × 103 km2 and accounting for ~ 54% of theSCS proper. In the area off the Pearl River estuary, relatively lowpCO2 values of 320 to 390 μatm were observed in all fourseasons and both the biological productivity and CO2 uptake wereenhanced in summer in the Pearl River plume waters. In the northern SCSslope/basin area, a typical seasonal cycle of relatively high pCO2 inthe warm seasons and relatively low pCO2 in the cold seasons wasrevealed. In the central/southern SCS area, moderately high sea surfacepCO2 values of 360 to 425 μatm were observed throughout theyear. In the area west of the Luzon Strait, a major exchange pathway betweenthe SCS and the Pacific Ocean, pCO2 was particularly dynamic inwinter, when northeast monsoon induced upwelling events and strong outgassingof CO2. These episodic events might have dominated the annual sea–airCO2 flux in this particular area. The estimate of annual sea–airCO2 fluxes showed that most areas of the SCS proper served as weak tomoderate sources of the atmospheric CO2, with sea–air CO2 fluxvalues of 0.46 ± 0.43 mol m−2 yr−1 in the northern SCSslope/basin, 1.37 ± 0.55 mol m−2 yr−1 in thecentral/southern SCS, and 1.21 ± 1.48 mol m−2 yr−1 in thearea west of the Luzon Strait. However, the annual sea–air CO2 exchangewas nearly in equilibrium (−0.44 ± 0.65 mol m−2 yr−1) inthe area off the Pearl River estuary. Overall the four domains contributed(18 ± 10) × 1012 g C yr−1 to the atmosphericCO2

biogeosciences

Seasonal variations of sea–air CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; fluxes in the largest tropical marginal sea (South China Sea) based on multiple-year underway measurements