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. The Pūre orchard is one of the oldest apple orchardsin the Baltic, where thousands of varieties of fruit trees from throughoutthe world are grown and tested. Over time, a huge knowledge base has beenaccumulated, but most of the observational data are stored in archives inpaper format. We have digitized a small part of the full floweringphenological data of apple trees (Malus domestica) over the period of 1959 to 2019 for 17varieties of apple trees, a significant step for horticulture andagricultural economics in Latvia. Climate change has led to significantchanges in the phenology of apple trees as all varieties, autumn, summer andwinter, have begun to flower earlier: from 2002 to 2019, on average fullflowering was recorded to have taken place around 21 May, whereas for theperiod 1959–1967 it occurred around 27–28 May. To develop better-quality phenological predictions and to take account ofthe fragmentary nature of phenological data, in our study we assessed theperformance of three meteorological data sets – gridded observation datafrom E-OBS, ERA5-Land reanalysis data and direct observations from a distantmeteorological station – in simple phenological degree-day models. In thefirst approximation, the gridded E-OBS data set performs best in ourphenological model.

Full flowering phenology of apple tree (&lt;i&gt;Malus domestica&lt;/i&gt;) in Pūre orchard, Latvia from 1959 to 2019

Full flowering phenology of apple tree (<i>Malus domestica</i>) in Pūre orchard, Latvia from 1959 to 2019