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. The present work deals with the spatial consistency of two well-knowndatabases of solar radiation received at ground level: the CAMS RadiationService database version 3.2, abbreviated as CAMS-Rad and the HelioClim-3database version 5, abbreviated as HC3v5. Both databases are derived fromsatellite images. They are validated against 10 min means of irradiance forthe period 2010–2018 recorded in a network of 26 ground stations in Germanyoperated by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). For the CAMS-Rad database, thecorrelation coefficient between ground measurements and estimates rangesbetween 0.83 and 0.92 for all sky conditions. The bias ranges from −41 and 32 W m −2 ( −11  % and 10 % of the mean irradiance). Thestandard deviation ranges between 89 and 129 W m −2 (25 % and39 %). For the HC3v5 database, the correlation coefficient ranges between0.90 and 0.95. The bias and the standard deviation are comprised between −22 and 16 W m −2 ( −6  % and 5 %), and between respectively70 and 104 W m −2 (20 % and 31 %). For the CAMS Rad database,overestimation is observed in the South, and underestimation in the Northwith a faint tendency of the bias to increase from East to West. For theHC3v5 database, the bias is fairly homogeneous across Germany. For bothdatabases, there is no noticeable spatial trend in the standard deviation.

Performance of CAMS Radiation Service and HelioClim-3 databases of solar radiation at surface: evaluating the spatial variation in Germany