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We investigate ionospheric flow patterns occurring on 28 January 2002associated with the development of the nightside distorted end of a J-shapedtranspolar arc (nightside distorted TPA). Based on the nightside ionosphericflows near to the TPA, detected by the SuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral RadarNetwork) radars, we discuss how the distortion of the nightside end toward thepre-midnight sector is produced. The J-shaped TPA was seen under southwardInterplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions, in the presence of a dominantdawnward IMF-By component. At the onset time of the nightside distorted TPA,particular equatorward plasma flows at the TPA growth point were observed inthe post-midnight sector, flowing out of the polar cap and then turning towardthe pre-midnight sector of the main auroral oval along the distorted nightsidepart of the TPA. We suggest that these plasma flows play a key role in causingthe nightside distortion of the TPA. SuperDARN also found ionospheric flowstypically associated with Tail Reconnection during IMF Northward Non-substormIntervals (TRINNIs) on the nightside main auroral oval, before and during theTPA interval, indicating that nightside magnetic reconnection is an integralprocess to the formation of the nightside distorted TPA. During the TPA growth,SuperDARN also detected anti-sunward flows across the open-closed field lineboundary on the dayside that indicate the occurrence of low-latitude daysidereconnection and ongoing Dungey cycle driving. This suggests that nightsidedistorted TPA can grow even in Dungey-cycle-driven plasma flow patterns.

Ionospheric Plasma Flows Associated with the Formation of the Distorted Nightside End of A Transpolar Arc