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. Over the hours of 05:00–09:00 UT on 8 June 2001, the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) instrument on board the IMAGE satellite observed a shoulder-likeformation in the morning sector and a post-noon plume-like structure. The plasmapause formation is simulated using the test particle model (TPM),based on a drift motion theory, which reproduces various plasmapause structures and evolution of the shoulder feature. The analysis indicates thatthe shoulder is created by sharp reduction and spatial non-uniformity in the dawn–dusk convection electric field intensity. The TPM-modeled event isfound to develop an initial pre-dawn asymmetric bulge that becomes a shoulder as a result of increased “corotation” rate with an increasing L-shellthat is preceded by localized outward convection. The shoulder structure rotates sunward and develops into a single- or double-plume structure duringan active time period in simulation.

A new perspective and explanation for the formation of plasmaspheric shoulder structures