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. A severe meteorological storm system on the frontal border ofcyclone Fabienne passing above central Europe was observed on 23–24 September 2018. Large meteorological systems are considered to be importantsources of the wave-like variability visible/detectable through theatmosphere and even up to ionospheric heights. Significant departures fromregular courses of atmospheric and ionospheric parameters were detected inall analyzed datasets through atmospheric heights. Above Europe,stratospheric temperature and wind significantly changed in coincidence withfast frontal transition (100–110 km h −1) . Zonal wind at 1 and 0.1 hPachanges from the usual westward before the storm to eastward after the storm. With thischange are connected changes in temperature where at 1 hPa the analyzed area iscolder and at 0.1 hPa warmer. Within ionospheric parameters, we havedetected significant wave-like activity occurring shortly after the coldfront crossed the observational point. During the storm event, both byDigisonde DPS-4D and continuous Doppler sounding equipment, we have observedstrong horizontal plasma flow shears and time-limited increase plasma flowin both the northern and western components of ionospheric drift. The vertical componentof plasma flow during the storm event is smaller with respect tothe corresponding values on preceding days. The analyzed event of an exceptionally fast cold front of cyclone Fabienne fellinto the recovery phase of a minor–moderate geomagnetic storm observed as anegative ionospheric storm at European mid-latitudes. Hence, ionosphericobservations consist both of disturbances induced by moderate geomagneticstorms and effects originating in convective activity in the troposphere.Nevertheless, taking into account a significant change in the global circulationpattern in the stratosphere, we conclude that most of the observed wave-likeoscillations in the ionosphere during the night of 23–24 September can be directlyattributed to the propagation of atmospheric waves launched on the frontalborder (cold front) of cyclone Fabienne. The frontal system acted as aneffective source of atmospheric waves propagating upward up to theionosphere.

Evidence of vertical coupling: meteorological storm Fabienne on 23 September 2018 and its related effects observed up to the ionosphere