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Abstract. A train of likely Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) vortices with plasmatransport across the magnetopause has been observed by the Time History ofEvents and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) at the dusksideof the magnetopause. This unique event occurs when the interplanetary magneticfield (IMF) abruptly turns northward, which is the immediate change tofacilitate the K–H instability. Two THEMIS spacecraft, TH-A and TH-E,separated by 3  RE , periodically encountered the duskside magnetopause andthe low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) with a period of 2 min andtailward propagation of 212 km s −1 . Despite surface waves alsoexplaining some of the observations, the rotations in the bulk velocityobservation, a distorted magnetopause with plasma parameter fluctuations andthe magnetic field perturbations, as well as a high-velocity low-densityfeature indicate the possible formation of rolled-up K–H vortices at theduskside of the magnetopause. The coexistence of magnetosheath ions withmagnetospheric ions and enhanced energy flux of hot electrons is identifiedin the K–H vortices. These transport regions appear more periodic at theupstream spacecraft and more dispersive at the downstream location,indicating significant transport can occur and evolve during the tailwardpropagation of the K–H waves. There is still much work to do to fullyunderstand the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism. The observations of the directresponse to the northward turning of the IMF, the possible evidence ofplasma transport within the vortices, involving both ion and electron fluxes,can provide additional clues as to the K–H mechanism.

annales geophysicae

Plasma transport into the duskside magnetopause caused by Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices in response to the northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field observed by THEMIS