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. A large number of studies have shown that equatorial plasmabubbles (EPBs) occur mainly after sunset, and they usually drift eastward.However, in this paper, an unusual EPB event was simultaneously observed byan all-sky imager and the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) networkin southern China, during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm that happenedon 6–8 November 2015. Observations from both techniques show that the EPBsappeared near dawn. Interestingly, the observational results show that theEPBs continued to develop after sunrise, and they disappeared about 1 hafter sunrise. The development stage of EPBs lasted for at least about 3 h. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the evolution of EPBsdeveloping around sunrise was observed by an all-sky imager and the GNSSnetwork. Our observation showed that the EPBs drifted westward, which wasdifferent from the usual eastward drifts of post-sunset EPBs. Thesimulation from the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) suggest that the westward drift of EPBs shouldbe related to the enhanced westward winds at storm time. Besides this,bifurcation and merging processes of EPBs were observed by the all-skyimager in the event. Associated with the development of EPBs, an increase inthe peak height of the ionospheric F region was also observed near sunrise, and wesuggest the enhanced upward vertical plasma drift during the geomagnetic stormplays a major role in triggering the EPBs near sunrise.

Equatorial plasma bubbles developing around sunrise observed by an all-sky imager and global navigation satellite system network during storm time