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. To investigate the effects of the gravity wave (GW) dragon the general circulation in the thermosphere, a nonlinear GWparameterization that estimates the GW drag in the whole-atmosphere systemis implemented in a whole-atmosphere general circulation model (GCM).Comparing the simulation results obtained with the whole-atmosphere schemewith the ones obtained with a conventional linear scheme, we study the GWeffects on the thermospheric dynamics for solstice conditions. The GW dragsignificantly decelerates the mean zonal wind in the thermosphere. The GWsattenuate the migrating semidiurnal solar-tide (SW2) amplitude in the lowerthermosphere and modify the latitudinal structure of the SW2 above a 150 kmheight. The SW2 simulated by the GCM based on the nonlinear whole-atmospherescheme agrees well with the observed SW2. The GW drag in the lowerthermosphere has zonal wavenumber 2 and semidiurnal variation, while the GWdrag above a 150 km height is enhanced in high latitude. The GW drag in thethermosphere is a significant dynamical factor and plays an important rolein the momentum budget of the thermosphere. Therefore, a GW parameterizationaccounting for thermospheric processes is essential for coarse-grid whole-atmosphere GCMs in order to more realistically simulate theatmosphere–ionosphere system.

Impact of gravity wave drag on the thermospheric circulation: implementation of a nonlinear gravity wave parameterization in a whole-atmosphere model