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. A comparative study of the equatorial spread F occurrence was conducted at different longitudes during 2010 and 2013 representing the low (LSA) and moderate (MSA) solar activity periods respectively. The ionogram data were recorded at low-latitude stations including Jicamarca (JIC;75.76 ∘  W, 8.17 ∘  S), Fortaleza (FZA; 38.52 ∘  W, 3.73 ∘  S), Ilorin (ILR; 7.55 ∘  E, 9.93 ∘  N), Chumphon (CPN; 88.46 ∘  E, 11 ∘  N) and Kwajalein (KWA; 167.73 ∘  E, 8.72 ∘  N). The range type spread F (RSF) occurrence was manually recorded at an hourly interval between 18:00 and 06:00 LT, and a monthly average of the RSF occurrence was estimated for each season. The longitudinal distribution of the RSF occurrence features included the observed difference in the onset time, the duration and the seasonal occurrence peak. The seasonal asymmetry in the RSF occurrence distribution was analysed in relation to the zonal drift reversal’s effect on the plasma irregularity initiation. We believe that the inconsistent equinoctial asymmetry pattern in the RSF occurrence is modulated by the seasonal/longitudinal variation of the zonal drift reversal delay during both solar epochs. Likewise, the seeding effect and the background ionospheric condition were also considered as major factors influencing the frequency of irregularity generation in these regions.

Observation of seasonal asymmetry in the range spread F occurrence at different longitudes during low and moderate solar activity