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. The ISUAL payload onboard the FORMOSAT-2 satellite has often observed airglowbright spots around midnight at equatorial latitudes. Such features had beensuggested as the signature of the thermospheric midnight temperature maximum(MTM) effect, which was associated with temperature and meridional neutralwinds. This study investigates the influence of neutral temperature andmeridional neutral wind on the volume emission rates of the 630.0 nmnightglow. We utilize the SAMI2 model to simulate the charged and neutralspecies at the 630.0 nm nightglow emission layer under differenttemperatures with and without the effect of neutral wind. The results showthat the neutral wind is more efficient than temperature variation inaffecting the nightglow emission rates. For example, based on our estimation,it would require a temperature change of 145 K to produce a change in theintegrated emission rate by 9.8 km-photons cm −3  s −1 , while it onlyneeds the neutral wind velocity to change by 1.85 m −1  s −1 tocause the same change in the integrated emission rate. However, the emissionrate features a local maximum in its variation with the temperature. Twokinds of tendencies can be seen regarding the temperature that corresponds tothe turning point, which is named the turning temperature ( Tt) inthis study: firstly, Tt decreases with the emission rate for thesame altitude; secondly, for approximately the same emission rate, Tt increases with the altitude.

Variations of the 630.0 nm airglow emission with meridional neutral wind and neutral temperature around midnight