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This study presents an analysis of the ground-based observations and model\udsimulations of ionospheric electron density disturbances at three\udlongitudinal sectors (eastern European, Siberian and American) during\udgeomagnetic storms that occurred on 26–30 September 2011. We use the Global\udSelf-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM\udTIP) to reveal the main mechanisms influencing the storm-time behavior of the\udtotal electron content (TEC) and the ionospheric F2 peak critical frequency\ud(foF2) during different phases of geomagnetic storms. During the\udstorm's main phase the long-lasting positive disturbances in TEC and\udfoF2 at sunlit mid-latitudes are mainly explained by the storm-time\udequatorward neutral wind. The effects of eastward electric field can only\udexplain the positive ionospheric storm in the first few hours of the initial\udstorm phase. During the main phase the ionosphere was more changeable than\udthe plasmasphere. The positive disturbances in the electron content at the\udplasmaspheric heights (800–20 000 km) at high latitudes can appear\udsimultaneously with the negative disturbances in TEC and foF2. The\uddaytime positive disturbances in foF2 and TEC occurred at middle and\udlow latitudes and at the Equator due to n(O) ∕ n(N2) enhancement\udduring later stage of the main phase and during the recovery phase of the\udgeomagnetic storm. The plasma tube diffusional depletion and negative\uddisturbances in electron and neutral temperature were the main formation\udmechanisms of the simultaneous formation of the positive disturbances in\udfoF2 and negative disturbances in TEC at low latitudes during the\udstorm's recovery phase

annales geophysicae

Similarity and differences in morphology and mechanisms of the &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;fo&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;F2 and TEC disturbances during the geomagnetic storms on 26–30 September 2011