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The study of diurnal and seasonal variations in total electron content (TEC)over Nigeria has been prompted by the recent increase in the number of GPS continuously operating reference stations (CORSs)across Nigeria as well as the reduced costs of microcomputing. The GPS dataengaged in this study were recorded in the year 2012 at nine stations inNigeria located between geomagnetic latitudes – 4.33 and 0.72° N.The GPS data were used to derive GPS TEC, which was analysed for diurnal andseasonal variations. The results obtained were used to produce local GPS TECmaps and bar charts. The derived GPS TEC across all the stations demonstratesconsistent minimum diurnal variations during the pre-sunrise hours 04:00 to06:00 LT, increases with sharp gradient during the sunrise period(∼ 07:00 to 09:00 LT), attains postnoon maximum at about 14:00 LT,and then falls to a minimum just before sunset. Generally, daytime variationsare found to be greater than nighttime variations, which range between 0 and5 TECU. The seasonal variation depicts a semi-annual distribution with highervalues (∼ 25–30 TECU) around equinoxes and lower values(∼ 20–25 TECU) around solstices. The December Solstice magnitude isslightly higher than the June Solstice magnitude at all stations, while MarchEquinox magnitude is also slightly higher than September Equinox magnitude atall stations. Thus, the seasonal variation shows an asymmetry in equinoxesand solstices, with the month of October displaying the highest values of GPSTEC across the latitudes

Studying the variability in the diurnal and seasonal variations in GPS total electron content over Nigeria