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Non-thermal echoes in\udincoherent scatter radar observations are occasionally seen in the\udhigh-latitude ionosphere. Such anomalous echoes are a manifestation of plasma\udinstabilities on spatial scales matching the radar wavelength. Here we\udinvestigate the occurrence of a class of spatially localized anomalous echoes\udwith an enhanced zero Doppler frequency feature and their relation to auroral\udparticle precipitation. The ionization profile of the E region is used to\udparametrize the precipitation, with nmE and hmE being the E region peak\udelectron density and the altitude of the peak, respectively. We find the\udoccurrence rate of the echoes to generally increase with nmE and decrease\udwith hmE, thereby indicating a correlation between the echoes and high-energy\udflux precipitation of particles with a high characteristic energy. The\udhighest occurrence rate of > 20 % is found for hmE  =  109 km and\udnmE  =  10<sup>11. 9</sup> m<sup>−3</sup>, averaged over the radar observation volume

Relation of anomalous F region radar echoes in the high-latitude ionosphere to auroral precipitation