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This paper describes the results of a multi-platform observing campaign aimedat studying midlatitude sporadic E (Es) and associatedionospheric phenomena. The assets used were the digisonde in Boulder,Colorado; the first station of the Long Wavelength Array, LWA1, in NewMexico; the transmitters of the radio station WWV in Colorado; and 61continuously operating GPS receivers between LWA1 and WWV. The results showthat southwestward-directed medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances(MSTIDs) were substantially more prevalent when Es was detected.The amplitudes of these correlate with a plasma frequency up to about4.5 MHz. For fp ≳ 5 MHz, the MSTIDs become significantlyweaker and basically vanish above  ∼ 6.5 MHz. The prevalence of meteortrail reflections observed with LWA1 also correlates with fp up to about 4.5 MHz; above this limit, the relationship exhibits a significantturnover. The observed intensity of coherent backscatter from Es field-aligned irregularities (FAIs) also correlates with inferred plasma frequency. However, this trend continues to higher frequencies with a peak near 6 MHz, followed by a much more subtle turnover. The reflected powerfrom Es structures observed with LWA1 is significantly morecorrelated on spatial scales between 10 and 40 km. The magnitude of thiscorrelation increases with fp up to  ∼  6 MHz, above which itdrops. These results are consistent with the following:(1) southwestward-directed MSTIDs are produced via E–F coupling;(2) this coupling is stronger when the Es layer, seeded by meteorablation, is more dense; (3) the coupling is substantially diminished forEs layers harboring extremely dense structures(fp ≳ 5 MHz)

annales geophysicae

A multi-platform investigation of midlatitude sporadic &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; and its ties to &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;–&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;F&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; coupling and meteor activity