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High-frequency ( ≈  minutes) variability of ground magnetic fields iscaused by ionospheric and magnetospheric processes driven by the changingsolar wind. The varying magnetic fields induce electrical fields that causecurrents to flow in man-made conductors like power grids and pipelines. Underextreme conditions the geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) may be harmfulto the power grids. Increasing our understanding of the extreme events isthus important for solar-terrestrial science and space weather. In this work1-min resolution of the time derivative of measured local magnetic fields(|dBh∕dt|) and computed electrical fields(Eh), for locations in Europe, have been analysed with extreme valueanalysis (EVA). The EVA results in an estimate of the generalized extremevalue probability distribution that is described by three parameters:location, width, and shape. The shape parameter controls the extremebehaviour. The stations cover geomagnetic latitudes from 40 to70° N. All stations included in the study have contiguous coverageof 18 years or more with 1-min resolution data. As expected, the EVA showsthat the higher latitude stations have higher probability of large|dBh∕dt| and |Eh| compared to stationsfurther south. However, the EVA also shows that the shape of the distributionchanges with magnetic latitude. The high latitudes have distributions thatfall off faster to zero than the low latitudes, and upward boundeddistributions can not be ruled out. The transition occurs around59–61° N magnetic latitudes. Thus, the EVA shows that the observedseries north of  ≈ 60° N have already measured values thatare close to the expected maxima values, while stations south of ≈ ° N will measure larger values in the future.</p

Extreme value analysis of the time derivative of the horizontal magnetic field and computed electric field