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This study aims to assess the predictability of IRI-2012 on the equatorial F1 layer during solar minimum. The observed characteristics of F1 layer by theJicamarca digisonde are compared with the model outputs. The results showthat the time range for F1-layer appearance of observation is longer thanthat of IRI-2012, by at least 1 h in the early morning and laterafternoon. In IRI-2012, there are three options for the occurrenceprobability of F1 layer: IRI-95, Scotto-97 no L, and Scotto-97 with Loptions. The first option predicts the probability well, but the last twounderestimate the probability. The peak density of F1 layer (NmF1) ofobservation is very close to that of IRI-2012. For the F1 peak height(hmF1), the modeled values are smaller than the observed ones. The observedseasonal variation of hmF1 is not found in the modeled results.Nevertheless, the observed diurnal variation of hmF1 is similar to themodeled results with the B0 choices of Bil-2000 and ABT-2009. Regarding theshape parameter, the values of D1 (the shape parameter of F1 layer inobservation) are much greater than the values of C1 (the shape parameter ofF1 layer in IRI-2012). The D1 values are 3–6 times the C1 values. Thediurnal variation of D1 is similar to that of C1, but the seasonal variationof D1 is not

Observed and predicted characteristics of equatorial F1 layer during solar minimum