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We have investigated the low frequency electromagnetic (EM) modes ininhomogeneous, magnetised partially ionised plasma by incorporating neutraldynamics. We have derived a general EM dispersion relation by using atwo-fluids magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model. Our analysis shows that theneutral dynamics is playing an extremely important role in the physics ofmagnetised partially ionised plasma by giving rise to new kind of EM modes.We found (1) the new instability is linked with compressibility of neutralparticles, the collision between neutral and charged species and the relative streamingin hot/cold, inhomogeneous, magnetised partially ionised plasma, (2) and thatneutral dynamics is responsible for the modified (complex) inertial effect onmagnetic field lines. Its consequences on the propagation characteristics ofAlfvén wave and cyclotron frequency are discussed. Furthermore, a newmode similar to the Langmuir mode is reported. Finally, we discuss our results,for limiting cases, that may be appropriate for applications to space plasmaenvironments including probable mechanism of escaping H<sup>+</sup> and O<sup>−</sup> fromthe Martian atmosphere

New low-frequency electromagnetic modes associated with neutral dynamics in partially ionised plasma