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A three-dimensional cloud-resolving model is used to investigate the verticaltransport from the lower to the upper troposphere in a mesoscale convectivesystem (MCS) that occurred over Niger on 15 August 2004. The redistributionof five passive tracers initially confined in horizontally homogeneous layersis analyzed. The monsoon layer tracer (0–1.5 km) is the most efficientlytransported in the upper troposphere with concentrations 3 to 4 times higherthan the other tracers in the anvil. On the contrary the African Easterly Jettracer (~3 km) has the lowest contribution above 5 km. The verticalprofiles of the mid-troposphere tracers (4.5–10 km) in the MCS exhibit twopeaks: one in their initial layers, and the second one at 13–14 km altitude,underlying the importance of mid-tropospheric air in feeding the uppertroposphere. Mid-tropospheric tracers also experience efficient transport byconvective downdrafts with a consequent increase of their concentrations atthe surface. The concentration of the upper troposphere–lower stratospheretracer exhibits strong gradients at the edge of the cloud, meaning almost noentrainment of this tracer into the cloud. No downward transport from theupper troposphere is simulated below 5 km. A proxy for lightning producedNO<sub>x</sub> is transported preferentially in the forward anvil in the uppertroposphere. Additionally, lateral inflows significantly contribute to theupdraft and downdraft airflows emphasizing the three-dimensional structure ofthe West African MCSs

Numerical study of tracers transport by a mesoscale convective system over West Africa