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Orbit-averaged mass density measurements derived from thesatellites CHAMP and GRACE are used to investigate the storm-time predictionmodel developed by Liuet al. (2010) at different altitudes. This model uses asinput only the solar wind merging electric field. From 2002 to 2005 in total31 major geomagnetic storms with minimum Dst<−100 nT are selected for astatistical study. The results show that the model can successfully predictthe storm-time mass density changes at both CHAMP and GRACE altitudes. Theorbit-averaged density of CHAMP and GRACE show very similar distribution inshape, regardless of the orbital local time difference, but the amplitude ofGRACE density is about 30% of that of CHAMP density. An optimal delay timeof 4.5 h has been found for both CHAMP and GRACE densities. During the fouryears the scale factor a between merging electric field and mass densityfor CHAMP altitude remains basically at the same level, a=0.5, while thea for GRACE density shows a declining trend, and its value is only 30% ofthat for CHAMP density. The storms driven by corotating interaction regions(CIR) have in general larger a values than the storms driven by coronalmass ejections (CMEs)

Predicting storm-time thermospheric mass density variations at CHAMP and GRACE altitudes