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A similar-parameters interpolation method and an empirical orthogonalfunction analysis are used to construct empirical models for the ionosphericfoF2 by using the observational data from three ground-based ionosondestations in Japan which are Wakkanai (Geographic 45.4° N,141.7° E), Kokubunji (Geographic 35.7° N, 140.1° E) andYamagawa (Geographic 31.2° N, 130.6° E) during the years of1971–1987. The impact of different drivers towards ionospheric foF2 can bewell indicated by choosing appropriate proxies. It is shown that the missingdata of original foF2 can be optimal refilled using similar-parametersmethod. The characteristics of base functions and associated coefficients ofEOF model are analyzed. The diurnal variation of base functions can reflectthe essential nature of ionospheric foF2 while the coefficients represent thelong-term alteration tendency. The 1st order EOF coefficient A1 canreflect the feature of the components with solar cycle variation. A1also contains an evident semi-annual variation component as well as arelatively weak annual fluctuation component. Both of which are not soobvious as the solar cycle variation. The 2nd order coefficient A2contains mainly annual variation components. The 3rd order coefficientA3 and 4th order coefficient A4 contain both annual andsemi-annual variation components. The seasonal variation, solar rotationoscillation and the small-scale irregularities are also included in the4th order coefficient A4. The amplitude range and developingtendency of all these coefficients depend on the level of solar activity andgeomagnetic activity. The reliability and validity of EOF model are verifiedby comparison with observational data and with International ReferenceIonosphere (IRI). The agreement between observations and EOF model is quitewell, indicating that the EOF model can reflect the major changes and thetemporal distribution characteristics of the mid-latitude ionosphere of theSea of Japan region. The error analysis processes imply that there areseasonal anomaly and semi-annual asymmetry phenomena which are consistentwith pre-existing ionosphere theory

Modeling ionospheric &lt;I&gt;fo&lt;/I&gt;F2 by using empirical orthogonal function analysis

Modeling ionospheric <I>fo</I>F2 by using empirical orthogonal function analysis