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. The paper deals with wind measurements,\udrecorded since the 1950s, at twelve meteorological stations\udalong a transect near the westernmost European border, between\ud64 and 44 N. Extreme wind speed tends to decrease\udsharply near the northern boundary (at Reykjavick), near the\udmiddle of the study area (at Shannon and Valentia) and near\udthe southern boundary (at Brest and Cap Ferret), to increase\udat Thorshavn, with less significant trends at the other stations.\udAverage wind speeds confirm the above tendencies,\udwith an additional increasing speed at Lerwick, Kirkwall,\udMalin Head, Belle-Ile and Cap Ferret.\udTo compare changes in wind activity, the data have been\udsubdivided into three periods: until 1975, 1976–1992 and\ud1993–2008. Frequencies have been computed also for the\ud“winter” (October to March) period, per quadrants, and for\udoccurrences exceeding the speed of 15ms−1.\udAt Reykjavick a recent increase in the frequency of strong\udwinds has occurred from various directions. Between 62 N\ud(Thorshavn) and 59 N (Kirkwall) strong wind has been increasing\udsince 1975. Minor changes can be observed at\udStornoway, whereas at Malin Head the greatest increase for\udsoutherlies and westerlies is observed during the 1976–1992\udperiod. At Belmullet, the frequency of strong southerlies has\udalmost doubled since 1992, while at Shannon and Valentia it\udremains quite low. Finally at Brest and Belle-Ile, westerlies\udare predominant among winds >15ms−1.\udImportant changes in time and latitude appear in the\udcorrelation with the NAO (North Atlantic Oscillation) index.\udThe highest correlation coefficients, calculated with\udmonthly or seasonal means between the early 1950s and\ud1975, are observed from between 58 N (Stornoway) and\udIceland, whereas low positive coefficients are reported more\udCorrespondence to: P. A. Pirazzoli\ud(pirazzol@cnrs-bellevue.fr)\udsouth. During the period 1976–1992, when increasing NAO\udindex is predominant, positive correlation improves southwards\udas far as 54 (Belmullet) with some improvement also\udat Shannon and Valentia, while it remains low or even negative\udnear the French Atlantic coast. Finally in the 1993–\ud2008 period, correlation improves for all the stations south\udof 54 N (Belmullet), while it weakens more north

Temperature decrease in the extratropics of South America in response to a tropical forcing during the austral winter