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The responses of the atmospheric water cycle and climate of West Africa and\udthe Atlantic to radiative forcing of Saharan dust are studied using the NASA\udfinite volume general circulation model (fvGCM), coupled to a mixed layer\udocean. We find evidence of an "elevated heat pump" (EHP) mechanism that\udunderlines the responses of the atmospheric water cycle to dust forcing as\udfollow. During the boreal summer, as a result of large-scale atmospheric\udfeedback triggered by absorbing dust aerosols, rainfall and cloudiness are\udenhanced over the West Africa/Eastern Atlantic ITCZ, and suppressed over the\udWest Atlantic and Caribbean region. Shortwave radiation absorption by dust\udwarms the atmosphere and cools the surface, while longwave has the opposite\udresponse. The elevated dust layer warms the air over West Africa and the\udeastern Atlantic. As the warm air rises, it spawns a large-scale onshore\udflow carrying the moist air from the eastern Atlantic and the Gulf of\udGuinea. The onshore flow in turn enhances the deep convection over West\udAfrica land, and the eastern Atlantic. The condensation heating associated\udwith the ensuing deep convection drives and maintains an anomalous\udlarge-scale east-west overturning circulation with rising motion over West\udAfrica/eastern Atlantic, and sinking motion over the Caribbean region. The\udresponse also includes a strengthening of the West African monsoon,\udmanifested in a northward shift of the West Africa precipitation over land,\udincreased low-level westerly flow over West Africa at the southern edge of\udthe dust layer, and a near surface westerly jet underneath the dust layer\udover the Sahara. The dust radiative forcing also leads to significant\udchanges in surface energy fluxes, resulting in cooling of the West African\udland and the eastern Atlantic, and warming in the West Atlantic and\udCaribbean. The EHP effect is most effective for moderate to highly absorbing\uddusts, and becomes minimized for reflecting dust with single scattering\udalbedo at 0.95 or higher

A GCM study of the response of the atmospheric water cycle of West Africa and the Atlantic to Saharan dust radiative forcing