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We developed a technique to identify and estimate the size, intensity, andTropopause overshoot of thunderstorm convective cores expected to be significant sourcesof gravity waves. The work was based on GOES IR images of South America on the night of30 September to 1 October and 25–26 October 2005, as part of the Spread FExperiment (SpreadFEx) in Brazil in 2005. We also characterized, for the first time, the convective activity of threesmall TLE producing thunderstorms that yielded 11 TLEs on 25–26 October 2005. The campaign occurred during the dry to wetseason transition in central Brazil, marked by the presence ofextra-tropical cyclogenesis over the Atlantic Ocean, and cold frontspenetrating inland. The Tropopause temperature was typically −76°Cwith a corresponding altitude of ~15 200 m. Vigorous convective corescapable of generating strong gravity waves were located in convective regions havingareas with cloud top temperatures ≤−76°C. They had typical cloud-top temperature deficits of ΔT−2.0°C to −8.0°C from the average surroundings, implyingovershoot heights of 200 to 3100 m, which are within the typical range.Fast vertical development and high horizontal growth rates were associatedwith a large number of simultaneously active vigorous convectivecores, indicating that their dynamics may have determined thespatial-temporal development of the thunderstorms analyzed.Moderate convective cores were also present in areas with cloud top−76°C≤T≤−70°C. They hadΔT of −1.9°C to −5.3°C producing overshoots between 80–300 m.All convective cores had typical diameters of 5–20 km and theirsize tended to increase with ΔT, there was a 57% correlationbetween the two parameters. Analysis of the relationship of cloudtop T with positive and negative cloud-to-ground lightning (+/−CG)occurrence rate and with peak current showed that lighting activity may provide an independent wayto identify convective cores and measure their intensity, since they werecharacterized by a high incidence of low peak current −CGs that forms thebulk of the −CG population

Characteristics of sprite and gravity wave convective sources present in satellite IR images during the SpreadFEx 2005 in Brazil