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Time scales and modes of variability of the flow in the water column in theNorthern Adriatic Sea for late summer 2002 are described based on currentrecord from a single bottom-mounted ADCP in the shallow-water area in frontof the Venice Lagoon.  The time averaged flow was directed 277° E (CCW), roughly aligned withthe coastline, with typical magnitudes in the range 4–6 cm/s and alimited, not significant clockwise veering with depth. Tidal forcing wasweak and mainly concentrated in the semidiurnal frequency band, with abarotropic (depth-independent) structure. On a diurnal time scale, tidalsignal was biased by the sea-breeze regime and was characterized by aclockwise veering with depth according to the Ekman spiral.  A complex EOF analysis on the velocity profile time series extracted twodominant spatial modes of variability, which explained more than 90% ofthe total variance in the current field. More than 78% of the totalvariance was accounted for by the first EOF mode, with a barotropicstructure that contained the low-frequency components and the barotropictidal signal at semidiurnal and diurnal frequencies. The second mode had abaroclinic structure with a zero-crossing at mid-depth, which was relatedwith the response of the water column to the high-frequency wind-drivendiurnal sea breeze variability.  The response of low-passed non-tidal currents to local wind stress was fastand immediate, with negligible temporal lag up to mid-depth. Currentsvectors were pointing to the right of wind stress, as expected from thesurface Ekman veering, but with angles smaller than the expected ones. Atime lag in the range 10 to 11 h was found below 8 m depth, with currentvectors pointing to the left of wind stress and a counterclockwise veeringtowards the bottom. The delay was consistent with the frictional adjustmenttime scale describing the dynamics of a frictionally dominated flow inshallow water, thus suggesting the importance of bottom friction on themotion over the entire water column

Variability of currents in front of the Venice Lagoon, Northern Adriatic Sea