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Milan et al. (2001) identified a class of narrow,slow-moving HF radar backscatter echoes which originate between altitudes of80 and 100 km, the ionospheric D- and lower E-regions. These echoes appearedto be associated with the occurrence of pulsating aurora, which are known tobe created by energetic electrons capable of penetrating to D regionaltitudes. In this study we show that these echoes are observed in tandemwith enhancements in cosmic noise absorption (auroral absorption),additional evidence that energetic (>30 keV) particle precipitation isresponsible for generating the irregularities from which a radar canscatter. In addition, we show that the D region backscatter echoes occurpredominantly in the post-midnight sector during substorm recovery phase, incommon with auroral absorption events and pulsating aurora

D region HF radar echoes associated with energetic particle precipitation and pulsating aurora