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In the upper atmosphere, greenhouse gases produce acooling effect, instead of a warming effect. Increases in greenhouse gasconcentrations are expected to induce substantial changes in the mesosphere,thermosphere, and ionosphere, including a thermal contraction of theselayers. In this article we construct for the first time a pattern of theobserved long-term global change in the upper atmosphere, based on trendstudies of various parameters. The picture we obtain is qualitative, andcontains several gaps and a few discrepancies, but the overall pattern ofobserved long-term changes throughout the upper atmosphere is consistentwith model predictions of the effect of greenhouse gas increases. Togetherwith the large body of lower atmospheric trend research, our synthesisindicates that anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are affecting theatmosphere at nearly all altitudes between ground and space

Emerging pattern of global change in the upper atmosphere and ionosphere