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Based on 2760 well-defined substorm onsets in the NorthernHemisphere and 1432 in the Southern Hemisphere observed by the FUVImager on board the IMAGE spacecraft, a detailed statistical studyis performed including both auroral regions. This study focuses onthe hemispheric comparisons. Southward pointing interplanetarymagnetic field (IMF) is favorable for substorm to occur, but still30% of the events are preceded by northward IMF. The magneticlatitude (MLat) of substorm onset depends mainly on the mergingelectric field (Em) with a relationship of |dMLat|=−5.2 Em0.5, where dMLat is the deviation from onset MLat. Inaddition, seasonal effects on onset MLat are also detected, withabout 2 degrees higher latitudes during solstices than equinoxes.Both IMF By and solar illumination have a significant influenceon the magnetic local time (MLT) of onsets. An average relation,dMLT=0.25 By between IMF By and the deviation from onsetMLT, was found. The By dependence varies slightly with theonset latitude. At lower latitudes (higher activity) it isreduced. After removal of the relationship with IMF By a linearrelationships remains between the solar zenith angle and onset MLTwith dMLT=1 min/deg. Therefore, both solar illumination and IMFBy can contribute to hemispheric longitudinal displacements ofsubstorm onset locations from conjugacy. No indications forsystematic latitudinal displacements between the hemispheres havebeen found

Interhemispheric comparison of average substorm onset locations: evidence for deviation from conjugacy