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Automated instruments on board Volunteer Observing Ships (VOS) have providedhigh-frequency pCO2 measurements over basin-wide regions for a decadeor so. In order to estimate regional air-sea CO2 fluxes, it isnecessary to interpolate between in-situ measurements to obtain maps of themarine pCO2. Such an interpolation remains, however, a difficult taskbecause VOS lines are too distant from each other to capture the highpCO2 variability. Relevant physical parameters available at large scaleare thus necessary to serve as a guide to estimate the pCO2 values betweenthe VOS lines. Satellites do not measure pCO2 but they give access toparameters related to the processes that control its variability, such assea surface temperature (SST). In this paper we developed a method tocompute pCO2 maps using satellite data (SST and CHL, the chlorophyllconcentration), combined with a climatology of the mixed-layer depth (MLD).Using 15 401 measurements of surface pCO2 acquired in the North Atlanticbetween UK and Jamaica, between June 1994 and August 1995, we show that theparameterization of pCO2 as a function of SST, CHL and MLD yields morerealistic pCO2 values than parameterizations that have been widely used in the past, based on SST, latitude,longitude or SST only. Thisparameterization was then used to generate seasonal maps of pCO2 overthe North Atlantic. Results show that our approach yields the best marinepCO2 estimates, both in terms of absolute accuracy, when compared withan independent data set, and of geographical patterns, when compared to theclimatology of Takahashi et al. (2002). This suggests that monitoring theseasonal variability of pCO2 over basin-wide regions is possible, provided that sufficient VOS lines are available

annales geophysicae

Estimation of the oceanic pCO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in the North Atlantic from VOS lines in-situ measurements: parameters needed to generate seasonally mean maps