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Cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash data collected by the lightningdetection network installed at the Korean Meteorological Administration(KMA) have been used to study the urban effect on lightning activity overand around Seoul, the largest metropolitan city of South Korea, for theperiod of 1989–1999. Negative and positive flash density and the percentageof positive flashes have been calculated. Calculation reveals that anenhancement of approximately 60% and 42% are observed, respectively,for negative and positive flash density over and downwind of the city. Thepercentage decrease of positive flashes occurs over and downwind of Seouland the amount of decrease is nearly 20% compared to upwind values. Theresults are in good agreement with those obtained by Steiger et al. (2002)and Westcott (1995). CG lightning activities have also been considered inrelation to annual averages of PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamicdiameter smaller than 10 μm) and sulphur dioxide (SO2)concentrations. Interesting results are found, indicating that the higherconcentration of SO2 contributes to the enhancement of CG lightningflashes. On the other hand, the contribution from PM10 concentration has notappeared in this study to be as significant as SO2 in the enhancement of CGlightning flashes. Correlation coefficients of 0.33 and 0.64 are foundbetween the change in CG lightning flashes and the PM10 and SO2,respectively, for upwind to downwind areas, suggesting a significantinfluence of the increased concentration of SO2 on the enhancement of CGflashes

Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity over Seoul, South Korea in relation to an urban effect