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Ionograms from a standard vertical-incidence ionosondechain (nine stations), obtained over a wide range of southern latitudes (ingeom.lat. range: 23°–52° S), were digitally scanned at 5-minintervals at nighttime (18:00–06:00 LT) for 13 months (January 2004–January 2005). Animportant parameter of the F-region, so-called range spread-F (Sr), was forthe first time quantified in km. Maximum in Sr was recorded at a soundingfrequency of 1.8 MHz for each night and for each ionosonde station. Adistinct pattern in the magnitude (in km) and in the percentage occurrenceof the range spread-F was present in southern winter only (the Junesolstice). The sub-auroral region (geom. lat. ≥52° S) ischaracterised by consistently high spread-F (average Sr≈100 km) on 80–100per cent of the observed nights. There is a sharp equatorward boundary inthe spread-F activity in a latitudinal range: 52°–48° S followed bya midlatitude region (44°–48° S) which exhibits a peak in Sr (≈50 km)in winter only, observed on half of the nights. The midlatitude activityreaches its minimum at 42°–43° S, with Sr less than 20 km on onethird of the nights. The low midlatitudes (23°–36° S) arecharacterised by a strong peak in Sr again in winter, centred at about 30° S (average Sr≈70 km)on 80 per cent of the nights. The pattern becomeslargely absent during other seasons particularly in southern summer (theDecember solstice) when spread-F activity shifts to sub-auroral latitudes.The pattern in the occurrence of spread-F appears to have a global characteras the enhanced spread-F activity is observed in the Japanese sector inlocal summer (i.e. the June solstice).  It appears that the midlatitude spread-F minimum is only apparent but notreal. It delineates the boundary between aurorally generated spread-F (dueto travelling ionospheric disturbances, TIDs) and low midlatitude spread-Fwhose origin is not known

Morphology of quantified ionospheric range spread-F over a wide range of midlatitudes in the Australian longitudinal sector