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Using a numerical implementation of the cowlock92 model offlow excitation in the magnetosphere-ionosphere (MI) system, weshow that both an expanding (on a ~12-min timescale) and aquasi-instantaneous response in ionospheric convection to the onsetof magnetopause reconnection can be accommodated by theCowley-Lockwood conceptual framework. This model has a key featureof time dependence, necessarily considering the history of thecoupled MI system. We show that a residual flow, driven by priormagnetopause reconnection, can produce a quasi-instantaneous globalionospheric convection response; perturbations from an equilibriumstate may also be present from tail reconnection, which willsuperpose constructively to give a similar effect. On the otherhand, when the MI system is relatively free of pre-existing flow, wecan most clearly see the expanding nature of the response. As theopen-closed field line boundary will frequently be in motion fromsuch prior reconnection (both at the dayside magnetopause and in thecross-tail current sheet), it is expected that there will usually besome level of combined response to dayside reconnection

annales geophysicae

A numerical model of the ionospheric signatures of time-varying magnetic reconnection: III. Quasi-instantaneous convection responses in the Cowley-Lockwood paradigm