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Simultaneous measurements from the Cluster spacecraft andseveral ground stations (SAMNET, IMAGE, Kakioka, Hermanus) provide evidencefor an association of Pi2 pulsations and pulsed reconnection in themagnetotail. On 8 September 2002, substorm-related Pi2 pulsations wererecorded with the same waveform (same frequency) in the tail lobe at 16 REand time-delayed on the ground (both nightside and dayside) spanning L valuesfrom 1.23 to 6.11. The tail lobe Pi2 pulsations were a series of nightsideflux transfer event (NFTE) pulses propagating at a speed of 600–800 km/stowards Earth, which for the first time relates these two magnetosphericphenomena. NFTEs have previously been considered as the remote signature oftail reconnection. The first ground onset of the Pi2 pulsations occurred athigh- and midlatitude ground stations with a time delay of ~30 s with respectto the tail lobe Pi2, followed by lower latitude ground stations. Thelargest pulsations were observed at high latitude (ten times larger than atlow latitude) near the polar cap boundary. The polarization pattern of theground Pi2s in the H-D plane was consistent with a periodically drivenfield-aligned current (FAC) system. In addition, fast mode waves must havealso played a role in the inner magnetosphere because of propagation effectsamong ground stations and because of the simultaneous occurrence of daysidelow-latitude Pi2. Auroral brightening occurred in the region of upflowingFAC, and the auroral electrojet expanded poleward together with the auroralbulge both of which are typical substorm signatures. Hence, we conclude thatthe substorm-related Pi2 pulsations in space at 16 RE and on the ground wereremotely driven by pulsed reconnection in the magnetotail, that is,reconnection not only provided the energy but its temporal variations alsodetermined the characteristic Pi2 frequency. Scenarios are discussed thataddress the connection of pulsed reconnection and the driven current systemin the ionosphere. These results show that reconnection can be coupled tothe ionosphere through what is phenomenologically known as Pi2 pulsations.As a corollary, it is shown that the time history of events fits within themodified NENL model of substorms

annales geophysicae

Association of Pi2 pulsations and pulsed reconnection: ground and Cluster observations in the tail lobe at 16 &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;R&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;E&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;