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The study focuses on a single particle dynamics in the cusp\udregion. The topology of the cusp region in terms of magnetic field\udiso-B contours has been studied using the Tsyganenko 96 model\ud(T96) as an example, to show the importance of an off-equatorial\udminimum on particle trapping. We carry out test particle\udsimulations to demonstrate the bounce and drift motion. The "cusp\udtrapping limit" concept is introduced to reflect the particle\udmotion in the high latitude magnetospheric region. The spatial\uddistribution of the "cusp trapping limit" shows that only those\udparticles with near 90° pitch-angles can be trapped and\uddrift around the cusp. Those with smaller pitch angles may be\udpartly trapped in the iso-B contours, however, they will\udeventually escape along one of the magnetic field lines. There\udexist both open field lines and closed ones within the same drift\udorbit, indicating two possible destinations of these particles:\udthose particles being lost along open field lines will be\udconnected to the surface of the magnetopause and the solar wind,\udwhile those along closed ones will enter the equatorial radiation\udbelt. Thus, it is believed that the cusp region can provide a\udwindow for particle exchange between these two regions. Some of\udthe factors, such as dipole tilt angle, magnetospheric convection,\udIMF and the Birkeland current system, may influence the cusp's\udtrapping capability and therefore affect the particle exchanging\udmechanism. Their roles are examined by both the analysis of cusp\udmagnetic topology and test particle simulations

The cusp: a window for particle exchange between the radiation belt and the solar wind