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A theory is proposed to  determine the onset of the Indian SummerMonsoon (ISM) in an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM).The onset of ISM is delayed substantially in the absence of global orography.The impact of orography over different parts of the Earth on the onset ofISM has also been investigated using five additional perturbed simulations.The large difference in the date of onset ofISM in these simulations has been explained by a new theory based on theSurface Moist Static Energy (SMSE)and vertical velocity at the mid-troposphere.It is found that onset occurs only after SMSE crosses a threshold value and thelarge-scale vertical motion in the middle troposphere becomes upward. This studyshows that both dynamics and thermodynamics play profound roles in the onset of the monsoon

Theoretical aspects of the onset of Indian summer monsoon from perturbed orography simulations in a GCM