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The zonal structure of radar backscatter plumes  associated with Equatorial Spread F (ESF), probably  modulated by atmospheric gravity waves, has been investigated  with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) in West Sumatra, Indonesia  (0.20° S, 100.32° E; dip latitude 10.1° S)  and the FM-CW ionospheric sounders on the same magnetic meridian as the EAR.  The occurrence locations and zonal distances of the ESF plumes  were determined with multi-beam observations with the EAR.  The ESF plumes drifted eastward  while keeping distances of several hundred to a thousand kilometers.  Comparing the occurrence of the plumes and  the F-layer uplift measured by the FM-CW sounders,  plumes were initiated within the scanned area around sunset  only, when the F-layer altitude rapidly increased.  Therefore, the PreReversal Enhancement (PRE) is considered as  having a zonal variation with the scales mentioned above,  and this variation causes day-to-day variability, which has  been studied for a long time. Modulation of the underlying   E-region conductivity by gravity waves,  which causes inhomogeneous sporadic-E layers, for example,  is a likely mechanism to determine the scale of the PRE

Eastward traverse of equatorial plasma plumes observed with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia