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During the MaCWAVE winter campaign in January 2003, layers of enhanced echopower known as PMWE (Polar Mesosphere Winter Echoes) were detected by theESRAD 52 MHz radar on several occasions. The cause of these echoes isunclear and here we use observations by meteorological and sounding rocketsand by lidar to test whether neutral turbulence or aerosol layers might beresponsible. PMWE were detected within 30 min of meteorological rocketsoundings (falling spheres) on 5 separate days. The observations from themeteorological rockets show that, in most cases, conditions likely to beassociated with neutral atmospheric turbulence are not observed at theheights of the PMWE. Observations by instrumented sounding rockets confirmlow levels of turbulence and indicate considerable small-scale structure incharge density profiles. Comparison of falling sphere and lidar data, on theother hand, show that any contribution of aerosol scatter to the lidarsignal at PMWE heights is less than the detection threshold of about 10%

Polar mesosphere winter echoes during MaCWAVE