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MaCWAVE (Mountain and Convective WavesAscending VErtically) was a highly coordinated rocket,ground-based, and satellite program designed to address gravity wave forcingof the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The MaCWAVE program wasconducted at the Norwegian And\uf8ya Rocket Range (ARR, 69.3° N) inJuly 2002, and continued at the Swedish Rocket Range (Esrange, 67.9° N) duringJanuary 2003. Correlative instrumentation included the ALOMAR MF and MSTradars and RMR and Na lidars, Esrange MST and meteor radars and RMR lidar,radiosondes, and TIMED (Thermosphere Ionosphere MesosphereEnergetics and Dynamics) satellite measurements of thermal structures. Thedata have been used to define both the mean fields and the wave fieldstructures and turbulence generation leading to forcing of the large-scaleflow. In summer, launch sequences coupled with ground-based measurements atARR addressed the forcing of the summer mesopause environment by anticipatedconvective and shear generated gravity waves. These motions were measuredwith two 12-h rocket sequences, each involving one Terrier-Orion payloadaccompanied by a mix of MET rockets, all at ARR in Norway. The MET rocketswere used to define the temperature and wind structure of the stratosphereand mesosphere. The Terrier-Orions were designed to measure small-scaleplasma fluctuations and turbulence that might be induced by wave breaking inthe mesosphere. For the summer series, three European MIDAS (MiddleAtmosphere Dynamics and Structure) rockets were also launched from ARR incoordination with the MaCWAVE payloads. These were designed to measureplasma and neutral turbulence within the MLT. The summer program exhibited anumber of indications of significant departures of the mean wind andtemperature structures from ``normal" polar summer conditions, including anunusually warm mesopause and a slowing of the formation of polar mesosphericsummer echoes (PMSE) and noctilucent clouds (NLC). This was suggested to bedue to enhanced planetary wave activity in the Southern Hemisphere and asurprising degree of inter-hemispheric coupling. The winter program wasdesigned to study the upward propagation and penetration of mountain wavesfrom northern Scandinavia into the MLT at a site favored for suchpenetration. As the major response was expected to be downstream (east) ofNorway, these motions were measured with similar rocket sequences to thoseused in the summer campaign, but this time at Esrange. However, a majorpolar stratospheric warming just prior to the rocket launch window inducedsmall or reversed stratospheric zonal winds, which prevented mountain wavepenetration into the mesosphere. Instead, mountain waves encounteredcritical levels at lower altitudes and the observed wave structure in themesosphere originated from other sources. For example, a large-amplitudesemidiurnal tide was observed in the mesosphere on 28 and 29 January, andappears to have contributed to significant instability and small-scalestructures at higher altitudes. The resulting energy deposition was found tobe competitive with summertime values. Hence, our MaCWAVE measurements as awhole are the first to characterize influences in the MLT region ofplanetary wave activity and related stratospheric warmings during both winterand summer

The MaCWAVE program to study gravity wave influences on the polar mesosphere