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The SEEK-2 campaign was carried out over Kyushu Island in Japan on 3 August\ud2002, by using the two sounding rockets of S310-31 and S310-32. This campaign was\udplanned to elucidate generation mechanisms of Quasi-Periodic Echoes (QPEs)\udassociated with mid-latitude sporadic-E (Es) layers. Electron number\uddensities were successfully measured in the Es layers by using the\udimpedance probe on board two rockets. The plasma waves in the VLF and ELF ranges\udwere also observed on board the S310-32 rocket. Results of electron density\udmeasurement showed that there were one or two major peaks in the Es layers\udalong the rockets' trajectories near the altitude of about 10km. There\udwere some smaller peaks associated with the main Es layers in the altitude\udrange from 90 to 120 km. These density peaks were distributed in a very large\udextent during the SEEK-2 campaign. The Es layer structure is also\udmeasured by using the Fixed Bias Probe (FBP), which has a high spatial\udresolution of several meters (the impedance probe has an altitude resolution of\udabout 400 m). The comparison with the total electron content (TEC) measured\udby the Dual Band Beacon revealed that the Es layer was also modulated in\udthe horizontal direction with the scale size of 30–40 km. It was shown that\udthe QP echoes observed by the ground-based coherent radar come from the\udmajor density peak of the Es layer. The plasma wave instrument detected\udthe enhancement of VLF and ELF plasma waves associated with the operation of\udthe TMA release, and also with the passage of the Es layers. \udKeywords. Ionosphere (Ionospheric irregularities; Midlatitude\udionosphere; Plasma temeperature and density

Electron density and plasma waves in mid-latitude sporadic-&lt;i&gt;E&lt;/i&gt; layer observed during the SEEK-2 campaign

Electron density and plasma waves in mid-latitude sporadic-<i>E</i> layer observed during the SEEK-2 campaign