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We investigate the Northern Hemisphere Joule heating from several observational and computational sources with the purposeof calibrating a previously identified functional dependence between solar wind parameters and ionospheric total energy consumption computedfrom a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation (Grand Unified Magnetosphere Ionosphere Coupling Simulation, GUMICS-4). In this paper,the calibration focuses on determining the amount and temporal characteristics of Northern Hemisphere Joule heating. Joule heating duringa substorm is estimated from global observations, including electric fields provided by Super Dual Auroral Network (SuperDARN) and Pedersenconductances given by the ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray imagers on board the Polar satellite. Furthermore, Joule heating is assessed from severalactivity index proxies, large statistical surveys, assimilative data methods (AMIE), and the global MHD simulation GUMICS-4. We show that thetemporal and spatial variation of the Joule heating computed from the GUMICS-4 simulation is consistent with observational and statistical methods.However, the different observational methods do not give a consistent estimate for the magnitude of the global Joule heating. We suggest thatmultiplying the GUMICS-4 total Joule heating by a factor of 10 approximates the observed Joule heating reasonably well. The lesser amount ofJoule heating in GUMICS-4 is essentially caused by weaker Region 2 currents and polar cap potentials. We also show by theoretical argumentsthat multiplying independent measurements of averaged electric fields and Pedersen conductances yields an overestimation of Joule heating.  <b>Keywords.</b> Ionosphere (Auroral ionosphere; Modeling andforecasting; Electric fields and currents

Assessment of ionospheric Joule heating by GUMICS-4 MHD simulation, AMIE, and satellite-based statistics: towards a synthesis