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The first statistical study of the unstable proton populations which contain "free energy" required to drive small-scale poloidal mode ULF waves in the\udmagnetosphere between L-shell locations of 6 and 9 is presented. The data\udexamined are all in the form of Ion Distribution Functions (IDFs) covering a\udparticle energy range of 0.025keV to 328keV, amassed over 2.5 years from\udthe TIMAS and CAMMICE (MICS) instruments on-board the Polar spacecraft. Any free\udenergy which is available to drive a resonant wave mode manifests itself as\uda positive gradient region in the IDF. A new analysis technique applied to\udthe data, allows for the first time, the amount of free energy contained in\udeach IDF to be quantified. The results show that IDFs are a common\udoccurrence in the magnetosphere at these L-shells, although they are most\udcommon in the dawn/pre-noon sector. Lower energy (10–45keV) protons are\udthe most commonly observed unstable populations and also contain the largest\udamounts of free energy (>1010J). Positive gradient regions at\udhigher energies (>100keV) are rarely observed and also contain greatly\udreduced free energies (<109J). \udKey words. Magnetospheric physics (Energetic particles,\udtrapped; MHD waves and instabilities) – Space plasma\udphysics (wave-particle interactions

annales geophysicae

A statistical study of unstable particle populations in the global ringcurrent and their relation to the generation of high &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;m&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; ULF waves