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The properties of Nu whistlers are discussed in the light of observationsby the MAGION 5 satellite, and of numerically simulated spectrograms oflightning-induced VLF emissions. The method ofsimulation is described in full. With the informationfrom this numerical modelling, we distinguish the characteristics of thespectrograms that depend on the site of the lightning strokes from thosethat are determined mainly by the position of the satellite.Also, we identify the region in the magnetosphere where Nu whistlersare observed most often, and the geomagnetic conditions favouring theirappearance. The relation between magnetospherically reflected (MR)whistlers and Nu whistlers is demonstrated by the gradual transformationof MR whistlers into Nu whistlers as the satellite moves fromthe high-altitude equatorial region to lower altitudes and higher latitudes.The magnetospheric reflection of nonducted whistler-mode waves,which is of decisive importance in the formationof Nu whistlers, is discussed in detail

Characteristic properties of Nu whistlers as inferred from observations and numerical modelling