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Three intervals of polar\ud patch formation, as observed by the CUTLASS Finland HF coherent radar, are\ud presented. Simultaneous observations from a vertical ionosonde located at\ud Longyearbyen on Svalbard, situated in the dayside convection throat region,\ud allow for F-region plasma structuring, leading to polar cap patch formation to\ud be determined. Solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) precursors of\ud polar patch formation are investigated with MFI and SWE measurements from the\ud Wind spacecraft. We find that in the cases studied polar cap patches are formed\ud in response to changes in the orientation of the IMF, especially in the <i>By</i>\ud component. The resultant changes in the dayside convection pattern alter the\ud source of plasma drifting through the convection throat region into the polar\ud cap. When the convection flow is directed predominantly polewards, high density\ud sub-auroral or mid-latitude plasma enters the polar cap; when flow is directed\ud zonally, low density plasma entrained in the convection return flow replaces\ud it. This mechanism can act to significantly structure the plasma density at\ud sub-auroral or mid-latitudes as well as in the polar cap. In winter months,\ud polar patches appear to be produced by depletions in an otherwise high plasma\ud density tongue of ionisation. In summer months, patches are enhancements of an\ud otherwise low density tongue of ionisation.  <b>Key words. </b>Ionosphere (ionospheric\ud irregularities; plasma convection; polar ionosphere

HF radar polar patch formation revisited: summer and winter variations in dayside plasma structuring