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We report on theobservations of 188 sporadic layers of either Ca atoms and/or Ca ions that wehave observed during 112 nights of lidar soundings of Ca, and 58 nights of Ca+soundings, at Kühlungsborn, Germany (54° N, 12° E). The Ca+soundings have been performed simultaneously and in a common volume with the Casoundings by two separate lidars. Correlations between sporadic neutral andionized metal layers are demonstrated through four case studies. A systematicstudy of the variations of occurrence of sporadic Ca and Ca+ layers revealsthat neutral and ionized Ca layers are not as closely correlated as expectedearlier: (a) The altitude distribution shows the simultaneous occurrence of bothsporadic Ca and Ca+ layers to be most likely only in the narrow altitude rangebetween 90 and 95 km. Above that region, in the lower thermosphere, the sporadicion layers are much more frequent than atom layers. Below 90 km only very fewsporadic layers have been observed; (b) The seasonal variation of sporadic Calayers exhibits a minimum of occurrence in summer, while sporadic Ca+ layers donot show a significant seasonal variation (only the dense Ca+ layers appear tohave a maximum in summer). At mid-latitudes sporadic Ca layers are more frequentthan sporadic layers of other atmospheric metals like Na or K. For theexplanation of our observations new formation mechanisms are discussed. Key words. Ionosphere (ion chemistry and composition;ionosphere-atmosphere interactions; mid-latitude ionosphere

Sporadic Ca and Ca&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; layers at mid-latitudes: Simultaneous observations and implications for their formation

Sporadic Ca and Ca<sup>+</sup> layers at mid-latitudes: Simultaneous observations and implications for their formation