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Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has been suggested as a useful tracer for gross\udprimary production as it is taken up by plants in a similar way as CO2. To\udexplore and verify the application of this novel tracer, it is highly desired\udto develop the ability to perform continuous and high-precision in situ\udatmospheric measurements of COS and CO2. In this study we have tested a\udquantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS) for its suitability to obtain\udaccurate and high-precision measurements of COS and CO2. The instrument is\udcapable of simultaneously measuring COS, CO2, CO and H2O after\udincluding a weak CO absorption line in the extended wavelength range. An\udoptimal background and calibration strategy was developed based on laboratory\udtests to ensure accurate field measurements. We have derived water vapor\udcorrection factors based on a set of laboratory experiments and found that\udfor COS the interference associated with a water absorption line can dominate\udover the effect of dilution. This interference can be solved mathematically\udby fitting the COS spectral line separately from the H2O spectral line.\udFurthermore, we improved the temperature stability of the QCLS by isolating\udit in an enclosed box and actively cooling its electronics with the same\udthermoelectric chiller used to cool the laser. The QCLS was deployed at the\udLutjewad atmospheric monitoring station (60 m; 6°21′ E,\ud53°24′ N; 1 m a.s.l.) in the Netherlands from July 2014 to April\ud2015. The QCLS measurements of independent working standards while deployed\udin the field showed a mean difference with the assigned cylinder value within\ud3.3 ppt COS, 0.05 ppm for CO2 and 1.7 ppb for CO over a period of 35 days. The different contributions to uncertainty in measurements of COS,\udCO2 and CO were summarized and the overall uncertainty was determined to\udbe 7.5 ppt for COS, 0.23 ppm for CO2 and 3.3 ppb for CO for 1-minute\uddata. A comparison of in situ QCLS measurements with those from concurrently\udfilled flasks that were subsequently measured by the QCLS showed a difference\udof −9.7 ± 4.6 ppt for COS. Comparison of the QCLS with a cavity ring-down\udspectrometer showed a difference of 0.12 ± 0.77 ppm for CO2 and −0.9 ± 3.8 ppb for CO

atmospheric measurement techniques

Continuous and high-precision atmospheric concentration measurements of COS, CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, CO and H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O using a quantum cascade laser spectrometer (QCLS)