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Initial objectives and design of the Benchmark campaign organized within theEuropean COST Action ES1206 (2013–2017) are described in the paper. Thiscampaign has aimed to support the development and validation of advanced Global Navigation Satellite System(GNSS) tropospheric products, in particular high-resolution and ultra-fastzenith total delays (ZTDs) and tropospheric gradients derived from a densepermanent network. A complex data set was collected for the 8-week period whenseveral extreme heavy precipitation episodes occurred in central Europe whichcaused severe river floods in this area. An initial processing of data setsfrom GNSS products and numerical weather models (NWMs) provided independently estimated reference parameters – zenithtropospheric delays and tropospheric horizontal gradients. Their provisiongave an overview about the product similarities and complementarities, andthus a potential for improvements of a synergy in their optimal exploitations infuture. Reference GNSS and NWM results were intercompared and visuallyanalysed using animated maps. ZTDs from two reference GNSS solutions comparedto global ERA-Interim reanalysis resulted in accuracy at the 10 mmlevel in terms of the root mean square (rms) with a negligible overall bias, comparisonsto Global Forecast System (GFS) forecasts showed accuracy at the 12 mm level with the overall bias of−5 mm and, finally, comparisons to mesoscale ALADIN-CZ forecast resultedin accuracy at the 8 mm level with a negligible total bias. Thecomparison of horizontal tropospheric gradients from GNSS and NWM datademonstrated a very good agreement among independent solutions withnegligible biases and an accuracy of about 0.5 mm. Visual comparisons ofmaps of zenith wet delays and tropospheric horizontal gradients showed verypromising results for future exploitations of advanced GNSS troposphericproducts in meteorological applications, such as severe weather eventmonitoring and weather nowcasting. The GNSS products revealed a capability ofproviding more detailed structures in atmosphere than the state-of-the-artnumerical weather models are able to capture. In an initial study on the contributionof hydrometeors (e.g. cloud water, ice or snow) to GNSS signal delays duringsevere weather, the effect reached up to 17 mm, and it was suggestedthat hydrometeors should be carefully accounted for within the functional model. The reference productswill be further exploited in various specific studies using the Benchmarkdata set. It is thus going to play a key role in these highlyinterdisciplinary developments towards better mutual benefits from advancedGNSS and meteorological products

Benchmark campaign and case study episode in central Europe for development and assessment of advanced GNSS tropospheric models and products